Fancy a really, really, really cheap holiday overseas to have fun and ‘party’?  Well, you may likely return home in a coffin.

This article seeks to tell and share publicly a true account of a number of recent unsuspecting holidaying victims seeking such cheap ‘fun‘ and in so doing, naturally letting one’s guard down.

 

But our subsequent research after learning about these tragic cases reveals to us that the scale of the problem is under-reported in the media yet a scary systemic global crime wave.

The criminal culprit:

Whereas a litre bottle of reasonable quality white spirit like white rum might sell for around $60 in a liquor store in Australia.  Totally unrelated, four litres of lethal mentholated spirits (looking the same clear liquid) sells for around just $20 at most hardware stores.  But it ain’t for drinking, it stinks, and usually has purple dye for safety.

Methylated Spirits (aka ‘Metho’ in Australia from a hardware store). 

In civilised Australia, the addition of ‘pyridine’ gives it an objectionable smell, and the dye ‘methyl violet’ is also added to make it recognizable as unfit to drink.  It also contains a ‘denaturant’ – typically ‘denatonium benzoate’ to’ make it toxic (deadly), ‘methyl isobutyl ketone’ (a solvent).

‘Metho’ is used as a solvent, cleaning agent, disinfectant, paint thinner and camp fuel.  Like bleach, petrol and pesticides; it ain’t for drinking.  

But criminals overseas who illegally backyard distil methanol to then ply it to unsuspecting tourist party goers – i.e.: perceived wealthy western tourists partying at Third World bars, are ipso facto committing premeditated murder.

So, beware upon ingestion of the tiniest amount of methanol (the equivalent volume of just 1/2 an egg cup – or two sips, or just 25ml, both the formaldehyde and formic acid become chemically ‘converted’ and seriously risk killing you.   Formaldehyde by the way is used to preserve animal specimens and embalming bodies.  Formic acid is the same toxin in bee stings.

In many dodgy cheap foreign countries, methylated spirits (colloquial language /common parlance: ‘metho‘) continues to be dodgy backyard distilled, then sold cheap at legal bars to western tourists.

Dodgy criminal tourist operators overseas have been switching the likes of calling it ‘vodka’ over a bar when serving party cocktail drinks to unsuspecting foreign tourists.

For instance, Fiji, Bali, Thailand and Laos have made the news recently as holiday death traps for foreign tourists engaging in ‘party mode’ when adventuring in such backwardly run countries.

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Methanol Homicide Poisoning attempt (Fiji Resort 2024):

In December 2024, Australian mother Susan (58) with her daughter (18) flew to Fiji for a relaxing Christmas holiday together, staying at the ‘Warwick Fiji’ resort (5-Star rated apparently) on the south ‘Coral Coast’ tourist resorts stretch of the main island, Viti Levu.

Their choice of stay was enticed by a bargain offer of 30% off their stay.

Then on the last day in Fiji, Susan’s daughter shouted them both each a popular Pina Colada cocktail drinks from the Warwick Fiji’s poolside bar.   It would have seemed par for the course for the last afternoon relaxing by the resort’s pool.

But in hindsight a very bad idea!  Both pina coladas were laced with metho, NOT rum – a decision that would change both of their lives.

When Susan’s daughter tried one (a Fiji Pina Colada), she told her mother it tasted really weird.  Susan said: “So I had two sips of the cocktail, and said, ‘Hmmm, you know, not sure.'”

She remembers her daughter buying the drink, tasting it, then Susan going snorkelling.

Susan:

“By the time I got out, [my daughter] found me, and she was hysterical, she was having like an allergic-type reaction (anaphylactic symptoms) to imbibing a sip of the (Fiji Pina Colada). “Her hands were shaking, she said her mouth was really tingly, and when she drank water it tasted like sand.”

Susan remembers the day in question clearly up until the time she then suddenly collapsed and fell into a coma.  “I was going downhill very fast”.  Susan also started to get the shakes and what she described as “the same mouth feel”.  “I could feel I was starting to lose control,” she said.

They were both taken to the local clinic, then to the Lautoka Hospital (a more than 2 hours drive away).   In five hours, Susan was unconscious.

“There were eight beds in there and pretty much all of the beds became full of Warwick guests. I could see in the room that other people were going to various states of seizures and other experiences. I was going downhill very fast. I was shaking violently and I could see the other medical staff were busy with the other patients, and I was like, ‘Don’t forget about me,’ and that’s all I remember. That’s the last time I was conscious.”

Susan, along with another one of the guests, was ‘intubated’ (lungs and blood stream connected with life-saving medical tube support).

Specialists later told her that her heart went into “stress cardio myopathy” due to what was happening with her brain following the seizures, and her heart function went down to 25 per cent, with fluid build-up around her heart.

Susan (below) spent the next three days in an induced coma.

Mother Susan was then flown on an emergency Medevac mission out of Nadi (Fiji) by Air Ambulance Fiji – a dedicated 4-hour direct flight to Brisbane (Australia).  There she spent a further week in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) in an induced coma on critical life-support at a Brisbane hospital, likely The Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital.

Susan:

“I’ve spent the last five months trying to recover. “Without [the help we got], I would be dead.” “We were poisoned”. “We’re frustrated because we’ve got no real evidence of what happened to us. That’s the most frustrating thing. [And we feel] that’s been blatantly done, a cover-up.”

Susan says she has spent the past five months recovering from the incident.  Susan, a financial accounts manager, has not been able to work since the incident and, because of her seizures, her drivers licence has been cancelled.  Now, as she continues to recover, she’s searching for answers.

It seems that so were another five tourists who also also imbibing the Warwick’s metho pina coladas at the resort’s same pool bar.

Pina Colada  (Puerto Rican Recipe)

Shake 1 1/2 ounces golden or añejo rum with 1 ounce coconut cream and 1 ounce pineapple juice, and pouring it over ice. A spritz of lime peel over the cocktail is a perfect finishing touch. Enjoy!

Pina Colada  (Fijian Cheap Hybrid Version)

Shake 1 1/2 ounces metho (200 proof) with 1 ounce coconut cream and 1 ounce pineapple juice, and pouring it over ice. A spritz of barringtonia asiatica (a Fiji fish poison tree flower) over the cocktail is a perfect finishing touch to the death sentence.

And more than five months on, it is still unclear what actually caused the seven tourists, including Susan, to suffer such a horrific reaction on that Saturday afternoon in December.
No-one has been interviewed about the incident until now.

Susan, who spoke to the ABC on the condition she not be identified so she could protect her daughter who was “traumatised” after watching the events unfold in Fiji, said she was crystal clear about what happened to her.

Susan:

“I believe that the alcohol we consumed was tainted and that we were poisoned.  The only commonality between the seven victims was that we were all in the pool, and we all drank a pina colada within an hour of each other.”

Warwick Resort Fiji human resources manager (Indian) Nitin Goundar (image below) reckons the Fiji Pina Colada is “a normal menu beverage for all the guests”.

But Susan believes there has been a “cover-up”, in part to protect Fiji’s multi-million-dollar tourism industry.

After initially agreeing to an interview, the Warwick Fiji resort later declined the ABC’s request. It also declined to answer any questions.

At the time, it was feared that the seven tourists in Fiji might have also consumed methanol.  Susan said the group of seven guests involved in the incident were speaking to a lawyer to explore action against the resort, which she said had failed in its duty of care.

Susan:

“We want some sort of acceptance of responsibility, probably from the Warwick, foremost, but also from the Fiji authorities who we feel have tried to shut down or underplay what happened.”

 

Suing the owners of the Warwick Fiji could however be problematic and costly.

The Warwick Fiji, is part of the global (40 property) hospitality group Warwick Hotels and Resorts, which is owned and controlled by Hong Kong born Richard Chiu (Chiu Lǐchá dé), president and founder.  The primary global headquarters in primarily located at 75 Avenue des Champs-Élysées, Paris, France 75008.

The Warwick brand and logo were hijacked by buyout, usurping this English medieval heritage tradition (Warwick Castle – think William the Conqueror, 1068).

Warwick’s Chiu simply likes 100% control  [^Read More].

Four days after the incident, Fiji’s government released the results of its tests of the drinks, declaring there was “no methanol” found.  And in March, three months after the incident — and after multiple delays — it revealed the results of blood and urine samples sent to New Zealand, declaring again there was “no methanol”.

Yet documents obtained by the ABC media reveal a critical omission: while the government claimed the New Zealand results showed nothing harmful, they failed to disclose that the sample from the sickest patient, Susan, was never sent for independent testing.

In a brief press conference on Tuesday evening, Fiji’s Tourism Minister Viliame Gavoka said the initial toxicology report from testing the drinks found “no illicit substances or methanol”.   Yet, Fijian Health Secretary James Tudravu, who joined the deputy prime minister at the press conference, did not reveal a cause of the illnesses that left the seven people hospitalised, saying “toxicology was continuing”.

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Methanol Homicide Poisoning attempt (Vang Vieng, Laos 2024):

The revelation came less than a month after the deaths (murders) of Melbourne teenagers Holly Bowles and Bianca Jones from methanol poisoning after drinking tainted alcohol at the Nana Backpackers Hostel in the notorious riverside tourist party town of Vang Vieng in SE Asian Laos about two hours north of the capital Vientiane in November 2024.

Holly Bowles (19), right, and Australian Bianca Jones (19) (left) were confirmed dead from homicidal poisoning by being served methanol-laced drinks, on Friday just one day after British lawyer Simone White (28) (below) holidaying with he childhood friend Bethany Clarke in Laos from Orpington in south-east London had died similarly.

‘Holly and Bianca did not holiday in Laos for suicide.  But the Laos government couldn’t give a crap!  Anyone holidaying in Laos may as well be a suicide tourist. Learn from their tragedy. Avoid Loas like the plague!’

So tourists, wise up to party safe back in  more civilised countries and avoid backward Laos like the plague!

Sadly, in addition at the time an unnamed America man and two Danish women, aged 19 and 20, were also among the victims of the suspected poisoning, believed to be connected to bootleg alcohol (backyard methanol).

This tragedy brings to a total of six foreign tourists who have died after apparently drinking tainted alcohol in this same backpacker hostel in Laos.  The Nana Backpacker Hostel – where the Australian teenagers were staying – has said it gave out free shots to around 100 guests the previous evening.

Free shots and beer buckets in party town at centre of suspected methanol deaths…

A place to avoid:  Laos town ‘Vang Vieng’ may be sold as a popular backpacking town in Laos…but expect to return home in a coffin box!

Simone White’s best friend Bethany Clarke has called on the government to do more to educate teenagers in schools about the dangers of drinking alcohol abroad.

Bethany had been travelling in Laos in south-east Asia with her childhood friend Simone White when they drank free shots they were offered in a hostel in November.

The following day, they both became unwell and initially thought they had food poisoning.  But, a few days later, 28-year-old Simone died in hospital.  Simone and Bethany planned to stay in Cambodia for just under two weeks, and spend four days in Laos.

They fell ill after drinking six vodka shots served to them at the Nana Backpackers hostel in traveller party hotspot of Vang Vieng.

Five other tourists also died after drinking at the hostel.  Their drinks are thought to have contained methanol – a deadly substance often found in bootleg alcohol.

Bethany and Simone fell ill while kayaking the next day – 12 hours after drinking the vodka shots.

Bethany:

“This all happened on the fourth day of the trip. We did the tubing that day and that was good.  It’s difficult to obviously describe the timeline.

 

I think when I realised it was all going wrong was when we were on the kayaks for a trip we were doing the following morning.  

So just over 12 hours on. I guess that was when me and Simone were flat on the back of these kayaks, not being able to use our arms. We were just literally staring up into space.  That was a moment where I thought I really don’t understand what’s happening to us.  It just seemed like I was just having to accept my fate.”

Bethany says even when they tried to get help, it took them a while to be treated for methanol poisoning and they had to search for information about it themselves.

Bethany:

“The doctors kept saying it was food poisoning, which obviously didn’t help with trying to treat what was going on.  This is when our other friends said ‘let’s get to a private hospital’. 

 

(In the ambulance on the way there our friend mentioned to the paramedic ‘could it be methanol poisoning?’ He’d done a little bit of research on his phone.) 

 

They rushed Simone off to have dialysis straight away and said to me ‘look can you just sign these forms and we’ll do our best to save her life?’  And yeah, they did their best.”

Bethany says her chosen group trusted the hostel because the (online and unvetted) reviews were “good”. Mmm.  But she’s now urging others to be careful.

Bethany:

“We didn’t think we were doing anything stupid, but obviously now I do feel like I should have known more. The advice is from me ‘steer clear, drink beer’. Look up the symptoms, be mindful about where you’re drinking.  Just don’t let it be your best friend that dies from methanol poisoning.”

Be careful drinking abroad, warns mum of woman who died in Laos.

Bethany’s also set up a petition calling for the dangers of methanol poisoning to be put on the school curriculum in the UK.

It says:

“children should be taught the dangers of consuming bootleg alcohol as part of the PSHE and/or Biology curriculum in school”.

We support Bethany’s public appeal in this regard.  It is a key motivation in empathy of why we have published this particular article/story and undertaken more online research to better comprehend the broader problem, cause and underlying issues that have contributed to these sad so unnecessary tragedies that are frankly criminal, yet going unpunished.

We have also been so inspired to research much deeper into the valid scholarly realms of four related underlying systemic social dangers when travelling abroad, particularly for our young people – impressionable, risk averse and yearning fun and adventure out of travel:

(1)  ‘Homicidal Poisoning’

(2)  ‘Lingering PTSD’

(3)  ‘Drink Spiking Abroad’

(4)  ‘Adolescent Risk Behaviours’

[Author’s Note:  Well, admittedly at age 61 now, one can say ‘been there done that’ – mostly but not all, and certainly not the drugs thing, and conservatively nor bungee jumping.

Regarding these above listed concepts that we have realised underpinning this article, for more details (if you’re interested) please refer to our ‘References & Further Reading‘ section at the end of this article].

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Bethany (again):

“I think it just needs to be a five minute talk or possibly even some kind of public health advert, just giving the case study of Laos and saying this can happen.   If people want to take the risk and drink it, at least they’ve been educated and then they might even be able to spot some of the symptoms if they do happen to drink it.”

Simone was “so full of life, energetic, sporty, musical – there’s 100 adjectives I could probably come up with.  She was just the best friend that anybody could hope for.  If you ever had a problem she’d always be trying to help you with it and she was just such a good listener.”

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Bali Methanol Spiking Blinds Young Tourist (2011):

Then yet again, in Third World Indonesia’s tourism hub Bali in Indonesia back on 30th August 2011, young Canadian holiday makers Ashley King (19) with her buddy Krista, both from Calgary, were on a trip of a lifetime after their high school graduation.

They were in Bali to explore the island, but Ashley had her credit cards stolen there and friend Krista ran out of money, so they were stuck in Kuta, a ‘party’ district.  At some bar in Kuta, Ashley got poured a lethal methanol spiked cocktail drink.

A day later, 30th August 2011, Ashley felt she was going blind, so all her dreams over.

When King arrived in Christchurch, she was grilled at immigration: she hadn’t yet booked a return flight.   She began to realise something was wrong with her. “I remember talking to the customs people and it was like I was drunk,” she says. “I could not form sentences in a way that sounded confident.”

She dismissed it as exhaustion. There had been a delay before the six-hour flight from Bali to Sydney, and a second flight to New Zealand, and her luggage had been lost by an airline along the way.   All this, after a heavy night out.

She called her mother in Calgary, who bought her a return flight to Brisbane to appease immigration. “All I had with me was an iPod,” says King. “I didn’t even have a cell phone. I went to the bathroom and I was feeling so nauseous and disoriented.”

At 4pm she arrived at her hostel in Christchurch, falling asleep, her rest broken by nightmares in which she couldn’t breathe. A small lamp in the room had been on, but when she woke up, it seemed to have gone off. She thought her iPod was dead, too, because she couldn’t see the screen. The entire hostel was dim, in fact, so she assumed it was 5am or so, the sun yet to come up.

King needed the bathroom and made her way along the corridor in the dark, accidentally locking herself out of her room. She stumbled down to reception for a new key, but the minute she was back upstairs, she began gasping for air. “It was like the feeling after you sprint, but I just wasn’t getting my air back.” She is asthmatic, and wondered if this was her first proper attack. Hyperventilating, she returned to reception, where the woman on the desk got her to breathe into a brown paper bag.

Now King knew something was wrong with her eyes. It wasn’t 5am. It was noon. Her iPod wasn’t dead and the lamp hadn’t gone out.

The receptionist drove her to a walk-in clinic, where King explained that she couldn’t see the fingers the nurse was holding up. She was taken to hospital. The doctors asked what she had done the night before. Had she taken drugs? Was she out partying?

It wasn’t until her blood test results came back that they realised exactly what was wrong.
Methanol is a type of alcohol sometimes mixed into bootleg liquor as a cheaper alternative to ethanol. One mouthful can be deadly. As methanol metabolises in the body it creates harmful by-products: formaldehyde (used to embalm bodies), formate and formic acid, which attack nerves and organs and can lead to blindness, brain damage and death.

Formate is the main toxin that is produced and it acts like cyanide by stopping energy production in cells, which causes depression of the central nervous system. There were large quantities of methanol in King’s blood. The doctors were shocked, in the circumstances, that she had woken up at all in the hostel. In November last year, six tourists died in Laos from the suspected consumption of drinks laced with methanol.

One of the few things that slows down the effects of methanol is alcohol. In hospital, King was given a plastic cup of vodka and orange juice. She downed it, and they poured her another – and another. “It was the most absurd drinking game I’ve ever played,” she says. “The drunker I got the more I could breathe, the more I was able to see.”

She was moved to intensive care and given haemodialysis, a treatment to filter waste, salt and water from the blood when the kidneys are not working normally. They didn’t know if she would survive, so they rang her parents to tell them. Her mother, Carolina, flew to Christchurch not knowing if her daughter would be alive when she arrived.

After the alcohol treatment, King sobered up and the doctors broke the news about her eyes. She was blind, and her sight would not return. “I’ve never felt so alone in my life,” she says. Her mum was still to arrive and she knew no one in New Zealand. “Three days ago, I had had my entire life ahead of me. And now you’re telling me that I’m blind?”
Her mum arrived later that afternoon and both of them burst into tears.

The doctors did everything they could to save King’s sight. They gave her steroids to bring down the swelling of her optic nerves, which helped temporarily. By the end of the week, she could see out of one eye and could see colour. She could even read again. But soon she found herself struggling to focus on the book she was reading. The words were disappearing. As her sight faded again, the doctors told her that they had exhausted their options.

She remembers crying as she listed all the things she thought she would never do – go to university, get a job, fall in love. She had always wanted to study acting, but that now seemed out of the question.

Recovering in a hotel in New Zealand, she listened to the 250 songs on her iPod touch, over and over again. She couldn’t read. She couldn’t watch television. Her life felt like Groundhog Day, she says, when she returned to Calgary. “I would wake up every day hoping that I could see. And the worst part was that I still dreamed in vivid colour.”

‘It has taught me that you truly have no idea what somebody is going through’ … in Bali in 2011.

In reality, she was stuck in her parents’ basement because they had rented out her room for a year to a Mexican exchange student. In Australia, she says, she had gained “so much confidence and self-esteem and all of that independence and confidence was completely stripped away”. She couldn’t drive her car or return to her old job, and when her friends planned a trip to Mexico she wasn’t invited; she assumed they didn’t want to take care of her.

“I was mean and mad at the world and felt as if my life was stolen from me.”

In the early days of blindness, King, who has about 2% vision, was in denial. She doesn’t have central vision, which is where all the functionality is in the eyes – being able to see colour, depth and detail – so everything is very static-y. “It looks like snowfall or a TV screen, or salt-and-peppery. And it’s all in a sepia tone.” She would try to meet friends in bars she knew well and pretend she was all right until, one day, she went out, crossed the street and was hit by a car. “I didn’t want help. I didn’t want to be a burden,” she says. “I didn’t want people to look at me differently.”

King wanted to do everything she could do before losing her sight: travel, snowboard, cook, apply makeup. “I would take bronzer and put it all over my face like it was foundation.

I got really, really obsessed with plucking my eyebrows because I believed they were overgrown. So I had really funky eyebrows for a while, because you shouldn’t do that when you can’t see.” Since then, technology has improved. At first, she had to use a handheld reader that magnified documents.

Now, she can do most things on her iPhone.  Her friends didn’t know how to interact with someone with a disability in those early days, she says, “because anybody that we had grown up with or seen with a disability was secluded away in a separate classroom. I didn’t even need to engage with somebody who had a disability. I was ableist without knowing it. Even when I lost my eyesight, I did not want to be a part of the blind community.”

I’ve had people not believe me when I tell them I’m blind … there’s an idea that I’m supposed to have a cane or a dog.

What she needed was people to allow her to be angry. “I wanted there to be justice and there was no justice.” There was no way to prove that she was poisoned in the club she believes was responsible, and it has since closed down. After a friend had a stroke recently and lost part of her eyesight, King told her: “You’re allowed to be angry and frustrated and not leave the house.”

Blindness is often an invisible disability, she says. “It has taught me that you truly have no idea what somebody is going through, because I’ve had people not believe me when I tell them that I’m blind. There is an idea that society perpetuates – I’m supposed to have a cane or a dog, or be wearing Ray-Bans.”

Many of her initial fears proved unfounded. Two years after she lost her eyesight, she went backpacking to seven countries in South America: she climbed volcanoes, swam with sharks and began to share her experience of methanol poisoning with other travellers.

She studied journalism at university, did an exchange in the UK, and visited India. When she first thought of going to India, it was because scientists there were leading the way in stem cell research, which could restore her sight. But she held back, worried that if anything went wrong with the experimental treatment, she might be left completely in the dark. Her remaining 2% vision “has given me such a life,” she says.

By the time King did go to India, she had forgotten about that initial motivation. “I met so many amazing people who were really life-changing,” she says, “and they liked me because of who I am now.”

‘I didn’t want people to look at me differently’ … King on stage in Static: A Party Girl’s Memoir, a play based on her experience. Photograph: Samuel Obadero/Motif Photography
After university, she interned for a magazine where she was asked to write about a company that was making theatre accessible for people with disabilities. A member of the audience was invited on stage to solve a crime and King went up, not revealing that she was blind until she missed a visual cue to shake an actor’s hand. It turned out one of the professional actors was blind too.

At the end of the show, King was given a standing ovation: “the most riveting thing”. The founders of the company became her mentors and offered her a job – she still works there today. She went to drama school, as she had originally planned, began to audition and recently wrote a play based on her experience in Bali. She says she didn’t want it to come across as “really inspirational”. “I’m as flawed and imperfect as every other person out there. I just happen to be doing things that are a little bit harder.”

She says there will always be a part of her that doesn’t accept that she’s blind. But there is nothing “I haven’t tried because I’ve been too scared”.

A few weekends ago, she went snowboarding with friends, following her partner down the mountain as he gave her directions. In Morocco, two years ago, she tried sand-boarding.

At the start of that graduation trip, King dreamed of the life she would have when she returned home, full of excitement and opportunities. Fourteen years on, she knows she can achieve everything she wanted to back then.

“Yes, there are physical things I can’t do, like drive a car, but the things that truly matter to me, I’ve found a way to make them happen. The more I’ve accomplished over the years, the more strength and determination it’s given me. I’m living the life I always dreamed of.”

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Global Methanol Homicidal Poisoning Crime Wave:

Medical specialists say drinking as little as 25 millilitres of methanol can be fatal, but it is sometimes added to drinks because it is cheaper than alcohol.

Christer Hogstrand, a professor of molecular ecotoxicology at King’s College London points out that it is also “not uncommon in home-distilled alcohol“.

Hogstrand:

“Methanol is like the alcohol in our drinks – colourless and odourless – but its impact on humans can be deadly.  It has a different carbon atom structure which completely changes how humans process it in the body, leading to these potentially fatal consequences.”

A key cultural problem in poor South-East Asian countries like Indonesia, Laos and Thailand (popular with particularly young western tourists who like to party) is the trendy cocktails using unknown ingredients, such as ‘Lao Lao’, backyard ‘Hooch’ and ‘Mojito’ shots.

Vang Vieng has had an underground party scene going way back into the early 2000s and has become a key staging post on what is known to backpackers as the banana pancake trail, which typically starts in Bangkok’s Khao San Road and loops through Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos.

Backyard methanol is made from liquid extracts of ripe plants sugars, then distilled in a still.  Seems it doesn’t take much…

Professor of clinical pharmacology at Sydney University, Nicholas Buckley, says bad batches frequently poison many unsuspecting tourists every year.

Regions with weak regulations and relatively unsophisticated healthcare systems are worst hit, particularly countries in South-East Asia, South Asia, the Middle East and parts of Africa and Eastern Europe.

He says the initial symptoms are indistinguishable from other illnesses common to travellers: nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.

Prof. Buckley:

“Methanol converts to formaldehyde (preserves specimens), which is a really toxic chemical used to sterilise things, and then formic acid (bee sting liquid), which is the toxin that ants make to scare things away. So two quite toxic chemicals.  That step from methanol, which is just a bit like ethanol, to those two toxic compounds is blocked by ethanol – or fomepizole IF it’s available.  It is injected into a vein. You want to get the treatment in as soon as possible,” he said. “Once someone goes into a coma, things are looking pretty bad.”

The chemistry:  Methanol is converted to formaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase and formaldehyde is converted to formic acid (formate) via aldehyde dehydrogenase. The conversion to formate via ALDH proceeds completely, with no detectable formaldehyde remaining.

[SOURCE:  ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity]

And just because it’s poured from a bottle with a Johnny Walker or Jim Beam labels, that doesn’t mean it’s going to be safe.

These two methanol spiking instances are not “one offs”.

The government has updated its information on methanol poisoning after what happened – there’s a list of countries where its been reported and advice on how to spot it….

 

In the recent case of Laos:

“Australia has a long history of development cooperation with Laos. In 2024-25, Australia will provide an estimated $53.2 million in total Official Development Assistance to Laos. This includes $24.1 million in bilateral funding.”

 

SOURCE:  Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government, ^https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/laos/laos-country-brief#:~:text=Australia%20has%20a%20long%20history,%2424.1%20million%20in%20bilateral%20funding.    [Accessed 25-May 2025] 

 

Yet, here’s Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese doing deals with Laos Premier Li Qiang on 10th October 2024 in Laos’ capital Vientiane, just 2 hours drive south of Laos methanol tourist killing hub Vang Vieng.  It was around the same time as the mass methanol homicidal poisoning event.

If Albo had an ounce of moral courage that US President Donald Trump has by targeting criminal countries illegally importing deadly Fentanyl into America and thus imposing tariff penalties; well Albo just might garner a slither of respect from the families of the methanol victims at the Vang Vieng mass murder.

But Laos Premier Li couldn’t give a crap about the poisoning murder of seven Western tourists in his country!  And Albo has no moral compass.

It is well known that narcotic Fentanyl is a similar killer of tens of thousands of drug users.  It is a highly potent synthetic ‘piperidine opioid primarily used as an analgesic.  It is 30 to 50 times more potent than heroin and 50 to 100 times more potent than morphine.  Piperidine is listed as a Table II precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances due to its use (peaking in the 1970s) in the clandestine manufacture of phencyclidine.

In comparison, methanol is a pure death warrant, toxically just a tad slower than ingesting cyanide or strychnine – possibly a similar taste.

Similar is the toxicity of amatoxin, that is the deadly toxin in so-called Death Cap ‘Mushrooms’.  ‘Toadstool’ would be a more apt biological family category, since a toadstool is a poisonous mushroom.  So seriously, the name Death Cap Mushroom needs to change to Death Cap Toadstool!

α-amanitinis a toxin that cannot be destroyed by cooking, drying, or other forms of food preparation. The death cap mushroom contains three main types of toxins: amatoxins, phallotoxins, and virotoxins. Amatoxins, especially α-amanitin, are the most toxic and cause severe liver damage. 

But why all the current media frenzy in Australia over the homicidal poisoning of three relatives by death cap toadstools in Leongatha in Victoria, when the methanol homicidal poisoning criminal trade has thus far seen the premeditated mass murder of about $14,000 individuals and the similar hospitalisation of a further almost 30,000 individuals globally since 1998?

Media news priorities are perverted, insular and unworldly.  Media and professional journalism remain poles apart.

Blanket Travel Ban to Homicidal Methanol Countries:

 

Until independent international medical humanitarian organisation Médecins Sans Frontières globally formally gives the all clear for each country illegally producing methanol in commercial quantities (multiple litres) and resulting in mass homicidal poisoning (>10 deaths/hospitalisations) that it has been completely eradicated, a blanket travel ban is recommended for the following known documented countries, listed alphabetically below.

We supply a summary of the official global statistics by country since 1998, showing both those affected (hospitalised) and fatalities from methanol poisoning as documented by Médecins Sans Frontières.  The figures do come with the following disclaimer:

DISCLAIMER: THESE ARE ALL DATA COLLECTED FROM NEWS REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS AND PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS. MSF CAN THEREFORE NOT BE HELD RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE FIGURES.

[Author’s note:  This author in order to provide this summary has applied the handy spreadsheet software tool of Microsoft Excel in order to capture, sort alphabetically by country, then sum ‘Affected‘ and ‘Fatalities‘ by country, then used a special screen capture tool and Adobe Acrobat to present the following summarised table available publicly for free download and printing].

[SOURCE:  Médecins Sans Frontières, ^https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pcHJuKohfsVGtldOryDvlWa-T0WmblIh0hLTC5SaWeQ/edit?gid=1424710251#gid=1424710251 [Accessed: 8-June-2025]

 

And in the recent methanol poisoning cases in Fiji, Laos, and Bali affecting Australian tourists and others, out of due respect for the victims, their families and loved ones, we recommend all Australians and tourists give such toxic countries a very wide berth.

Best to travel to civilised countries where the bars don’t serve methanol, and so just return home safe and well.

 

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Postscript:

‘Laos methanol developments’

2026-07-17, by Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong’s media release, Australian Government, ^https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/laos-methanol-developments

‘The Australian Government is deeply frustrated and bitterly disappointed that authorities in Laos are not pursuing the most serious charges in relation to the methanol poisoning deaths of Australian citizens Holly Bowles and Bianca Jones.

This devastating news will only add to the immense pain and grief suffered by the families and friends of Holly and Bianca.

We have consistently made clear our expectations that charges should reflect the gravity of the tragedy that claimed the lives of Holly and Bianca in November 2024. This includes the Prime Minister and I expressing these expectations directly to our respective counterparts.

What happened to Holly, Bianca and four other foreign nationals should never have happened.

Since their deaths, Australia has advocated for a thorough and transparent investigation that takes into account all available evidence and for those responsible to be held to account. We have engaged repeatedly and at the highest levels of the Lao Government to support that objective.

The Prime Minister and I appointed Mr Pablo Kang as Special Envoy to continue Australia’s efforts and explore all avenues to achieve progress in the investigation. Mr Kang has engaged extensively with Lao authorities on behalf of the Australian Government and the families, with whom he has maintained regular contact.

The Prime Minister and I have asked Mr Kang to travel to Laos today to convey the Australian Government’s objections and reinforce our expectations for an investigation that delivers justice for Holly, Bianca, and the other victims of the methanol poisoning. The Acting Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade has also called in Laos’ Ambassador this morning in Canberra.

Next week I will again put Australia’s views directly to my Lao counterpart when I travel to Manila for the ASEAN-related Foreign Ministers’ Meetings.

These discussions in the coming days in Canberra, Vientiane and Manila will help inform next steps.

The Albanese Government will continue to advocate for Holly and Bianca’s families with the Lao Government at every level, and will continue to provide consular assistance for as long as required.

As ever, our thoughts are with the family and friends of Holly and Bianca.’

‘Families welcome Laos warning after ‘kick in the guts’ over methanol poisoning charges‘

 

2026-07-18, by Joseph Sahyoun and Tilli Andrew, Nine Entertainment, ^https://www.nine.com.au/australia-news/distillery-owner-charged-over-fatal-laos-alcohol-poisoning-20260718-p60ge7.html

‘Families of two Melbourne teens killed in the Laos backpackers methanol poisoning incident have welcomed the Australian government’s travel warning after low-level charges were laid.

A Laos distillery owner was charged over the mass methanol poisoning, which killed six people, including Bianca Jones and Holly Morton-Bowles, both 19.

Jones and Morton-Bowles were among six people who died after drinking methanol-tainted alcohol they were served at a bar in the backpacker hotspot Vang Vieng in November 2024.

The charges were announced yesterday at a ministry building in Laos, where Australian-marked vehicles were present, but international media were barred from entering.

The accused will face a minimum prison sentence of three months, or up to four years and a fine, if found guilty.

However, the Australian families have been told the maximum penalty could amount to just a year in jail or a fine equivalent to about $1600.

“When a government says to you that the death of your daughter is going to be worth less than a year in jail potentially and $1600, that’s a pretty big kick in the guts,” Bianca’s dad Mark Jones told 9News.

“It’s still significantly under what we think would be reasonable justice, but four years, as opposed to one year, is an improvement.”

The charges laid allegedly include the sale of food products harmful to health as well as operating an illegal business.

Jones and Morton-Bowles were among six people who died after drinking methanol-tainted alcohol they were served at a bar in the backpacker hotspot Vang Vieng in November 2024.

Foreign Minister Penny Wong says the government is bitterly disappointed authorities in Laos are not pursuing the most serious charges. 9News

The victims had all been staying at the same accommodation, the Nana Backpacker Hostel.

Murder or manslaughter charges are not expected to be laid.

Along with the Melbourne girls, four other people, including two Danish women, a US man, and a UK woman, died in the same event.

The families of the two Danish tourists are carrying the same grief, with one mother telling local media she is deeply disappointed this was allowed to happen.

Denmark’s foreign ministry officials said in a statement that charges can still be brought for a more serious offence, such as negligent homicide, if proof is sufficient.

It did not say if the charges were related to all the deaths.

Officials confirmed the case will remain open for 15 years to allow serious charges to be brought forward, if needed.

The updates come as the father of Holly Morton-Bowles said people will “think twice” about travelling to Laos following news that authorities will only charge those responsible for serving the drinks with minor offences.

The government has been urged to intervene. Supplied

“A lot of people will definitely think twice about going to Laos and as they should, because they’ve demonstrated the way that they act and as I say, the value that they put on tourists’ lives over there,” Shaun Bowles said.

He said he’d received conflicting stories about what the investigation would result in over the years, but he was disappointed that a potential 10-year sentence for breaching food safety standards had seemingly been taken off the table.

“And the way they’ve tried to cover this up.”

“We’re really just trying to process the whole thing, to be perfectly honest,” he said.

“There’s no words really, to describe how devastating it is.”

Smartraveller has since advised people heading to the Southeast Asian nation to exercise a high degree of caution.

“Due to crime, the risk of methanol poisoning and ongoing concerns around lack of transparency in the justice system,” the warning stated.

Australian families were told the maximum sentence would equal either a year in jail or fines of around $1600. 9News

“The Lao legal system may not provide transparency or justice, particularly in criminal cases.

“Authorities may apply the law inconsistently. Several foreign nationals, including Australians, died of methanol poisoning through consuming alcoholic drinks in 2024,” the government site said in a statement.

“To now have that pre-warning in relation to the methanol, in relation to the justice system and the governance over there, is a great step,” Jones said.

Adding: “The governance over there, they don’t seem to care about human life over there, certainly not tourists”.

Foreign Minister Penny Wong stated the government is bitterly disappointed that Laotian authorities are not pursuing more severe charges.

Minister Wong confirmed she will take the matter up directly with her Laotian counterpart when they meet face-to-face in the Philippines next week.

Several staff members at the Nana Backpacker Hostel were previously charged with evidence tampering in relation to one of the deaths and handed fines and suspended sentences.’

‘Australia updates travel advice for Laos as charges announced over mass methanol poisoning’

 

2026-07-18, by Petra Stock and Associated Press, ^https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jul/17/distillery-owner-could-face-only-three-months-in-jail-over-alleged-poisoning-australian-teenagers

 

‘Distillery owner could face only three months in jail over alleged poisoning of Australian teenagers

The Australian government has increased its travel alert level for Laos, advising travellers to “exercise a high degree of caution” due to the risk of methanol poisoning.

It comes as a distillery owner in Laos was charged after a mass methanol poisoning incident killed six foreign nationals, including the Australian backpackers Bianca Jones and Holly Morton-Bowles.

“We’ve reviewed our advice for Laos and have raised the overall travel advice level,” the Smartraveller update said. “We now advise: exercise a high degree of caution due to crime, the risk of methanol poisoning and ongoing concerns around lack of transparency in the justice system.”

Holly Morton-Bowles and Bianca Jones who died in Laos after methanol poisoning
Family devastated by ‘unacceptable’ charges over methanol deaths of Australian teenagers in Laos

The distillery owner could serve just three months in jail after a court in Laos announced charges over the case.

The Australian teenagers, who were both 19, were travelling through south-east Asia when they were fatally poisoned with methanol while drinking at Nana backpackers hostel in Vang Vieng.

Two Danish women, a British woman and an American man also died in the incident in November 2024.

The court said the charges were selling food that is harmful to health and operating an illegal business, making the accused liable to a prison sentence of between three months and four years and a fine if found guilty, Denmark’s foreign ministry announced Friday, citing authorities in Laos.

It also said the case will formally remain open for 15 years, and charges can still be brought for a more serious offence, such as negligent homicide, if proof is sufficient. It did not say if the charges were related to all the deaths.

The statement from the Danish government did not identify the accused or say what the defendant had pleaded to the charges.

The announcement of charges was made at the ministry of public security in Vientiane, the Danish government said. A request from Associated Press for entry to cover the proceedings was not approved.

The families of the Australian women had feared that the charges would be light and had expressed their anger ahead of the confirmation on Friday.

Danish and Australian officials voiced their disappointment and are seeking justice for the victims.

Holly’s father, Shaun Bowles, who had been briefed on the likely charges, said on Friday that he was devastated that the charges did not reflect the seriousness of the case.

“It is devastating news to us,” he said.

“It’s like their lives didn’t even matter,” said Bianca Jones’ mother, Michelle. “We’re just really appalled by it all. You know, they were just going over to have a bit of fun and just doing the rite of passage that every, you know, child or teenager does. So for that outcome, it was just devastating.”

Australian foreign minister, Penny Wong, said in a statement Friday morning that she was “deeply frustrated and bitterly disappointed” that authorities were not pursuing “the most serious charges” in relations to the women’s deaths.

Wong and Australia’s prime minister, Anthony Albanese, had dispatched an envoy to Laos on Friday “to convey the Australian government’s objections and reinforce our expectations for an investigation that delivers justice for Holly, Bianca and the other victims of the methanol poisoning”, the minister said. Australian officials had also summoned Laos’ ambassador to Canberra, she added.

The Danish foreign ministry statement cited the country’s foreign minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen, as declaring he was deeply disappointed that the indictment did not reflect the seriousness and extent of the tragedy affecting so many families.

He acknowledged it can be complicated to meet the precise burden of proof required to bring the most serious charges in such a case, but also pointed out that it is difficult to come to terms with such a lenient indictment.

Rasmussen said that now his office will work with the relatives and other affected countries to discuss their next moves in the case.

The victims had been staying at the Nana Backpacker hostel, where some reportedly consumed “free shots” of Laotian vodka before heading out to other venues.

When the Australian teenagers failed to check out as planned, they were found sick in their room and eventually evacuated to hospitals in neighboring Thailand, where they later died.’

‘Laos methanol poisoning charges ‘slap in face’ for families’

 

21 July 2026, by Jack Gray, BBC Newsbeat,  ^https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg4dldqzylwo

‘The brother of a British tourist who died in a mass methanol poisoning says the failure to charge anyone over her death is a “slap in the face”.

Simone White, 28, was one of six people who died after drinking free shots at the Nana Backpacker Hostel in Vang Vieng, Laos, in November 2024.

Last week authorities in the South-East Asian country said they couldn’t determine if the deaths “were caused by the actions of any individual or by any particular cause, because no autopsies were conducted”.

Simone’s brother, Zak told BBC Newsbeat he found the conclusion “pretty ridiculous”, as a death certificate issued in Laos lists “methanol toxicity” as one of her causes of death.

Trainee lawyer Simone and childhood friend Bethany Clarke were among about 100 guests given free shots thought to be tainted with methanol.

They felt unwell the next day and were taken to hospital, where Simone, from Orpington in south-east London, was put on life support before she died.

Two Australians, two Danish citizens and an American also died after drinking the shots.

Medical documents seen by Newsbeat state methanol was found in Bethany’s blood in November 2024.’

‘Families of tourists killed in suspected Laos mass methanol poisoning reject investigation outcome’

 

2026-07-26, by South-East Asia correspondent Tim Swanston, ^https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-07-26/families-outraged-over-laos-methanol-poisoning-probe/106957610

‘Twenty months after the deaths of six people from a suspected mass methanol poisoning at a hostel in Laos, local police last week finally outlined the results of their investigation.

Australian teenagers Bianca Jones, Holly Morton-Bowles, and four other tourists died after consuming what was believed to be tainted drinks at the Nana Backpackers Hostel in Vang Vieng in November 2024.

But families eagerly awaiting any development that would bring justice over the deaths of their loved ones were left sorely disappointed by the findings.

Instead, they heard claims they have rejected as excuses, and “false”.

At the heart of the matter is a claim about evidence. Lao police say they did not have sufficient evidence to lay charges in relation to the deaths, but the families the ABC has spoken to say key information has been ignored.

“It’s an excuse,” Ms Morton-Bowles’s father, Shaun Bowles, told the ABC.

Two men in dark jackets and shirts booked two women in beige coats and black tops who stand behind microphones.
Mark and Michelle Jones (left) with Samantha Morton and Shaun Bowles, who lost their daughters in the incident. (ABC News)

The father of tourist Freja Vennervald Sorensen, who also died in the incident, was also outraged over the inconclusive findings.

‘Lack of evidence’ means Lao officials won’t lay charges

Investigators in Laos gave one of their first detailed accounts of the investigation into the deaths of six people, including 19-year-old Australians Holly Morton-Bowles and Bianca Jones, saying they don’t have enough evidence to lay charges because autopsies were not carried out.

“They’re trying to cover something up here … they’ve had two years to investigate this thoroughly,” Karsten Sorensen told the ABC.

“It’s corrupt … and incompetent.”

A local vodka manufacturer, along with an owner and staff from the Laos hostel, have so far escaped any serious charges linked to the deaths.

However, the manufacturer has been charged with operating an illegal business and selling products that are harmful to health.

 

Police investigation cites lack of evidence

All six of the tourists who died were staying at the Nana Backpackers Hostel, where the owner said he gave out free shots to guests.

In countries with more relaxed regulations, methanol is sometimes added to alcoholic beverages to lower production costs.

The hostel owner has previously rejected the suggestion he handed out tainted drinks.

After drinking at the backpackers, Ms Jones and Ms Morton-Bowles became very ill and were taken in an ambulance from Laos to Thailand.

Ms Jones died in Udon-Thani Hospital, while Ms Morton-Bowles was flown to a Bangkok hospital, where she died.

Late last week, the results of a probe into the tragedy were released by Lao police, who said they had been provided with confirmation that “methanol was found in the blood of two Australian tourists who died”.

The press conference was closed to foreign media, and it is understood it was attended only by local media, along with Australian, UK and Danish diplomats.

However, police claimed they did not have enough evidence to confirm the deaths were “caused by the action of any individual or any other causes”.

Lao Police Colonel Khamphong Vongdalasene told the press conference this was because local authorities did not conduct “an autopsy on the bodies of these people”.

The families of Ms Jones, Ms Morton-Bowles and 28-year-old British lawyer Simone White have disputed that finding, telling the ABC Lao officials were provided with sufficient evidence.

The teenagers’ families said toxicology reports and death certificates provided by the hospitals had confirmed the pair died from methanol poisoning.

Ms White’s family also told the ABC that a post-mortem was carried out and confirmed she died from methanol poisoning.

UK officials said that report has also been provided to the Lao government.

 

Families dispute key claims

Lao officials in their press conference also claimed that the families of two Danish women who died, Ms Vennervald Sorensen and Anne-Sofie Coyman, “refused to allow the authorities to conduct an autopsy”.

Two girls take a selfie while wearing hats on a boat.
Freja Vennervald Sorensen (left) and Anne-Sofie Coyman both died in the suspected mass methanol poisoning incident. (Supplied)

Mr Sorensen has strenuously denied that claim.

“We have never at any time been in a dialogue with the authorities about an autopsy being carried out,” he said.

“We were told that an autopsy was not possible in Laos … it’s a totally false claim.

“The authorities are now using this as one of the reasonings behind not establishing a link.”

Mr Sorensen said his daughter had been deceased for several days before he was even able to find her.

“I’m disgusted with the price on life they put in Laos,” he said.

Mr Sorensen told the ABC that his daughter and Ms Coyman’s bodies were embalmed so they could be repatriated.

He said it meant he was not able to figure out how they died until the fathers of the young Australian women were talking about the methanol poisoning in the media.

Australian government says ‘advocacy is not over’
Lao authorities acknowledged in the press conference three bottles of Tiger Vodka, which were found in the room of an American man who died and were tested by their Ministry of Health, contained methanol exceeding the standard.

Lao authorities have filed charges against the owner of the Tiger Vodka distillery located in the Laos capital, Vientiane.

 

Don’t drink Tiger Vodka in Laos, Australian authorities warn

Australian government website Smartraveller has issued a fresh warning about drinking in Laos, urging Australians to avoid Tiger Vodka and Tiger Whisky, due to “serious safety concerns”.

But those charges related to operating an illegal business and selling products harmful to health.

Australian officials had been hoping that Lao officials would pursue other charges for “violating food safety and hygiene”, which carried a harsher penalty.

But those charges are not being pursued.

Danish officials said the charges on the table carry a maximum penalty of four years in jail, while Australian officials have said the maximum penalty is a year in jail.

In either case, the families have reacted with anger and sadness at the charges and penalty.

Lao officials say the owner of the Nana Backpacker Hostel and 10 employees have had their passports confiscated and had their operations “suspended”.

The outside of the Nana Backpackers hostel showing a pool and outdoor seating.
The Nana Backpackers Hostel in Vang Vieng, Laos, the site of a mass methanol poisoning incident. (ABC News: Mitchell Woolnough)

Those staff were previously charged and fined for discovering that American James Hutson had died and moving his body to the local hospital.

Lao officials said that they will continue to “collect and gather evidence, in a comprehensive, thorough and objective manner”.

The Australian and Danish governments have repeatedly offered assistance from their police, doing so again at the conference last week.  Those offers of assistance have been refused.

Foreign Affairs Minister Penny Wong met with her Lao counterpart in Manila this week, expressing the government’s frustration and disappointment over the decision by Lao authorities not to pursue more serious charges.

“I made clear that Australia expects the Lao government to ensure this investigation fully reflects the seriousness of this tragedy and that those responsible are held properly to account,” Senator Wong said.

“Our advocacy for Holly and Bianca’s families is not over. We will continue to pursue this matter with the Lao government.”

In memory…

 

“Laos is a corrupt and incompetent nation.”

 

 ~ Karsten Sorensen, father of Laos tourist victim Freja Vennervald Sorensen.

 

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References & Further Reading:

[1]  ‘Warwick Resort Fiji alcohol ‘poisoning’ victim speaks after near-death experience‘, 2025-05-22, by Fiji reporter Lice Movono and the Pacific Local Journalism Network’s Nick Sas, ABC Media, ^https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-05-22/fiji-alcohol-poisoning-warwick-resort-australian-victim/105295962

[2]   ‘Fiji deputy prime minister Viliame Gavoka says no methanol or ‘illicit substances’ in poisonous cocktails‘, 2024-12-18, by Duncan Evans, Nationwide News Pty Ltd (online media), ^https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/fiji-deputy-prime-minister-viliame-gavoka-says-no-methanol-or-illicit-substances-in-poisonous-cocktails/news-story/e2afbc6b0641c407be0cd594762f0568

[3]   ‘Rabuka says he wasn’t told the truth about suspected poisoning‘, 2025-05-23, Pacific Beat, ^https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/programs/pacificbeat/rabuka-poison-follow/105326876

[4]  ‘Sixth foreign tourist dies of suspected methanol poisoning in Laos‘, 2024-11-23, by Flora Drury & Amy Walker, BBC News, ^https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ced94znq424o

[5]  ‘Don’t let it be your best friend that dies from methanol poisoning‘, 2025-04-25, by Jack Gray & Jared Evitts, BBC Newsbeat , ^https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx27r2z0zveo

[6]  ‘Warwick’s Chiu simply likes 100% control‘, 2023-03-16, by Jeffrey Weinstein, ^https://www.hotelinvestmenttoday.com/Development/Owners/Warwicks-Chiu-simply-likes-100-control

[7]   ‘Warwick Hotels and Resorts‘, ^https://www.warwickhotels.com/

[8]  ‘Don’t drink spirits’: The sobering reality of methanol poisoning‘, 2024-11-22, by Andrew Burke, AFR Weekend editor, ^https://www.afr.com/world/asia/don-t-drink-spirits-the-sobering-reality-of-methanol-poisoning-20241122-p5ksuu

[9]  ‘I was 19 and on the trip of a lifetime – then I drank a cocktail laced with methanol‘,  2025-04-29, by Emma Russell, The Guardian, ^https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2025/apr/29/i-was-19-and-on-the-trip-of-a-lifetime-then-i-drank-a-cocktail-laced-with-methanol

[10]  ‘Methanol Toxicity‘, Wikipedia website, ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity

[11]  ‘Partying safely‘, 2025-02-06, Smart Traveller (website), Australian Government, ^https://www.smartraveller.gov.au/before-you-go/safety/partying

[12]  ‘Partying Safely Overseas‘, by Red Frogs Top Tips, ‘All the advice you need for a safe time overseas’, ^https://redfrogs.com.au/programs/schoolies/partying-safely-overseas

[13]  ‘New safety push to protect young Australians overseas‘, 2025-03-24, by Minister for Foreign Affairs, Senator the Hon Penny Wong  (Joint media release with The Hon Tim Watts MP, Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs), ^https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/new-safety-push-protect-young-australians-overseas

[14]   ‘DFAT issues new travel warning about alcohol, drink spiking after likely Aussie poisoning cases‘, ^https://karryon.com.au/industry-news/dfat-new-travel-warning-about-alcohol/

[15]  ‘Traveller reveals worrying ‘red flag’ before deadly Laos hostel tragedy‘, 2025-05-17, by Tom Flanagan. Yahoo News, ^https://au.news.yahoo.com/traveller-reveals-worrying-red-flag-before-deadly-laos-hostel-tragedy-072535866.html

[16]  ‘Development Assistance in Laos‘ (by the Australian Government), by Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (website), Australian Government,  ^https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/laos/laos-country-brief#:~:text=Australia%20has%20a%20long%20history,%2424.1%20million%20in%20bilateral%20funding.  [Accessed: 2025-06-08]

[17]  ‘List of methanol poisoning incidents‘, Wikipedia, ^https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_methanol_poisoning_incidents

[18]  ‘Methanol Poisoning‘, by Médecins Sans Frontières, ^methanolpoisoning.msf.org – redirects to ^https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pcHJuKohfsVGtldOryDvlWa-T0WmblIh0hLTC5SaWeQ/edit?gid=1424710251#gid=1424710251 [Accessed: 8-June-2025]

[19]  ‘Suspected methanol poisoning incidents‘,  MSF methanol incidents, ^https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pcHJuKohfsVGtldOryDvlWa-T0WmblIh0hLTC5SaWeQ/edit?gid=1424710251#gid=1424710251

[20]  ‘Poisons and Drugs Used in Homicidal Poisoning: A Systematic Review‘, 2023-11-24, by Soltaninejad K* (Kam), Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Iran; *Corresponding author: Kambiz Soltaninejad, Department of Forensic Toxicology, Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Behesht Street, Tehran, Iran, Email: kamsoltaninejad@gmail.com, Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.23880/ijfsc-16000335, International Journal of Foreensic Sciences (IJFSC), [ISSN: 2573-1734] Volume 8, Issue 4, ^https://medwinpublishers.com/article-description.php?artId=11405#:~:text=Homicidal%20poisoning%20defined%20as%20the,%2C%20strychnine%2C%20aconite%20and%20atropine.

[21]  ‘The Lingering Impact of Resolved PTSD on Subsequent Functioning‘, 2023-07-14, by Richard A. Bryant r.bryant@unsw.edu.au, Alexander C. McFarlane, Derrick Silove, Meaghan L. O’Donnell, David Forbes, and Mark Creamer, Influential Publications, Publication: FOCUS, Volume 21, Number 3,  ^https://psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.focus.23021016

[22]   ‘Disturbing truth of how methanol-laced drinks turn dream holidays into ‘nightmare’, 2024-11-20, by Vanessa Brown and Heath Parkes-Hupton, Nationwide News Pty Ltd, ^https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/disturbing-truth-of-how-methanollaced-drinks-turn-dream-holidays-into-nightmares/news-story/f8a7655d6736e04371f19bf3012b3e32

[23]  ‘Promoting Positive Adolescent Health Behaviors and Outcomes: Thriving in the 21st Century‘, 2019-12-12, by Kahn NF, Graham R, editors, Behavioral Outcomes for Youth, published in The Current Landscape of Adolescent Risk Behavior, National Library of Medicine (National Center for Biotechical Information), Washington (DC): National Academies Press (USA), ^https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554988/

[24]   ‘Cross-examination continues as accused gives evidence for a fifth day — as it happened‘, 2025-06-06, by Judd Boaz and Joseph Dunstan, ABC media,  ^https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-06-06/live-blog-erin-patterson-mushroom-murder-trial-june-6/105384340

[25]  ‘What Is A Toadstool? Toadstools vs. Mushroom‘, by Adam Sayner, GroCycle, ^https://grocycle.com/toadstools-vs-mushroom/

[26]  ‘Laos methanol developments‘, 2026-07-17, (by Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong’s media release, ^https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/laos-methanol-developments

[27]  ‘Families welcome Laos warning after ‘kick in the guts’ over methanol poisoning charges‘, 2026-07-18, by Joseph Sahyoun and Tilli Andrew, Nine Entertainment, ^https://www.nine.com.au/australia-news/distillery-owner-charged-over-fatal-laos-alcohol-poisoning-20260718-p60ge7.html

[28]  ‘Australia updates travel advice for Laos as charges announced over mass methanol poisoning‘, 2026-07-18, by Petra Stock and Associated Press, ^https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2026/jul/17/distillery-owner-could-face-only-three-months-in-jail-over-alleged-poisoning-australian-teenagers

[29]  ‘Laos methanol poisoning charges ‘slap in face’ for families‘,  2026-07-21, by Jack Gray, BBC Newsbeat, ^https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg4dldqzylwo

[30]  ‘Tourism Laos‘, ^https://www.tourismlaos.org/